A pillar is any isolated, vertical structure used in architecture or construction to serve an aesthetic or structural purpose in a building. They are often referred to as a pier, column, or post and can be built from a wide array of materials, including wood, stone, or bricks. In architecture, it is frequently used for aesthetic purposes but always has a stabilizing or structural purpose in load bearing and weight distribution. Pillars can stand alone or be grouped.
Pillars
Most people are familiar with what a pillar looks like. In modern society, pillars are one of the most commonly used structures in architecture, construction, and infrastructure. Pillars are used in famous buildings such as the White House in Washington, DC; they are used in common structures such as bridges and highways; they are used in construction to temporarily uphold roofs and other heavy materials while a structure is being built. Despite how common pillars are, they have a unique history in ancient human architecture. Their wide range of uses and practicality make them one of the most well-known forms of architecture today.
Columns have been an intrinsic part of architectural design for millennia. When we think of ancient columns, our minds often drift to the massive stone pillars of the Parthenon or the decorated marble columns of Roman temples. Yet, long before these stone masterpieces were erected, civilizations utilized the more accessible and versatile material of wood to create columns that were both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Let’s journey back in time and examine the profound significance and construction methods of wooden pillars in ancient architecture.
Deep-Rooted Significance
Wooden columns, like their stone counterparts, were not just functional architectural elements, providing structural support. They held a deep cultural and symbolic significance in many ancient societies. In many cultures, trees were seen as the bridge between the earth and the heavens, linking the mortal realm with that of the gods. Erecting wooden pillars was, in essence, a spiritual act, transforming a sacred object – the tree – into a lasting monument.
Construction Techniques: From Tree to Pillar
The construction of wooden pillars began with the careful selection of trees. Specific species, such as cedar or oak, known for their longevity and strength, were often preferred. After felling, the logs were stripped of their bark and allowed to season, which prevented premature decay and improved their strength. They were a long time away from modern pressure treatments for wood.
Craftsmen would then employ rudimentary tools, such as axes and chisels, to shape and smoothen the columns, sometimes adding decorative elements reminiscent of the tree’s original form, like fluted designs mimicking tree rings.
Aesthetic Brilliance across Cultures
Here are a few examples of how different ancient cultures used wood columns in the structures they built.
Egyptian Craftsmanship
Ancient Egyptians used wooden columns extensively, especially in their sun temples. These columns often bore intricately carved capitals, with designs inspired by the papyrus plant or the lotus flower, infusing a touch of nature within the structure.
Chinese Wooden Wonders
In ancient China, wooden pillars were integral to the construction of palaces, temples, and homes. Often lacquered in brilliant colors and adorned with intricate carvings of dragons and other mythological creatures, these columns showcased the impeccable craftsmanship of Chinese artisans.
Native American Totem Poles
While not columns in the architectural sense, the totem poles of Native American tribes like the Haida and Tlingit serve as a testament to the importance of wood in religious and commemorative structures. These towering poles, carved with a series of symbolic figures, stood tall as pillars connecting the spiritual realm with the earthly domain.
The Structural Marvel
Beyond aesthetics, wooden pillars played a pivotal structural role. They bore the weight of massive wooden beams and roofs, distributing the load evenly and preventing the structure from collapsing. Their resilience and flexibility offered an added advantage, especially in regions prone to earthquakes, where they could absorb shock without crumbling like their stone counterparts.
The Legacy Lives On
Though many ancient wooden structures have succumbed to the ravages of time, pests, or fire, their legacy endures. Modern architects, inspired by the aesthetic beauty and functionality of wooden pillars, continue to incorporate them in contemporary designs, blending tradition with innovation.
In conclusion, the colossal wooden columns of the past stand as a testament to human ingenuity and the intimate bond between nature and culture. They remind us of a time when the act of construction was not just about shelter or grandeur but was deeply rooted in spiritual beliefs, cultural expressions, and a profound respect for the natural world.
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